I did manage this successfully years ago with tin-cure silicone moulds sitting in shellite. The mould starts to swell almost immediately but takes a while to settle down to uniform, even expansion. It takes several hours to get to around 120% or so (I once waited overnight to get to about 150%). But it's tricky: as soon as you take it out of the shellite, it starts to shrink again as the shellite evaporates, and the shellite can interfere with your casting material. Also the silicone mould becomes fragile and prone to tearing as you remove the casting. And controlling the exact amount of expansion is difficult.
In theory you could expand your mould; do a casting; then mould that and expand the new mould - and so on to get as big as you like. (I've also read - but haven't tried - that you can do the reverse by adding shellite to the mixed silicone before pouring it over your subject. Then once it cures you remove the original and as the shellite evaporates, the mould shrinks so you can produce reduced castings.)
It's easiest with simple, open-topped moulds.