I made a duct tape model of my foot and ankle, then drew out the general pattern onto the tape. I then cut it out and transferred it to graph paper where I cleaned up the pattern. Using thin cardboard I made a prototype checking for fit before I cut into leather. The leather is three pieces, the sandal, and inner and outer sole which is riveted and then glued together. I wish I had the money for real hobnails, but overall I'm pleased. They actually are very comfortable and I have worn them out without the leather sock or shin piece just to continue breaking them in.