These metal-metal "adhesives" (jb weld, plumbers putty, etc.) are tough cookies, but not really true adhesives. They're compounds that dry rock hard. So, if you were to encase or embed 2 pieces in a glob of JBW, you'd have one hell of a time getting them apart. But for sticking two surface contact pieces together, they'll hold, but they aren't that difficult to pull apart.
The problem is that these compunds don't actually adhere to flat surfaces well. They adhere to themselves and to surfaces when they can really get a bite. They're basically really fancy CAs (crazy glue).
Unfortunately, that doesn't really help with a "what is stronger than JBW" question. All I can offer is, that if possible, drill holes in both surfaces to be mated and make sure the JBW gets in the holes. It'll increase the shear strength due to the extra surface area.
-Fred